«Пирамида» началась с «Воздуха» (VKO journal, on the Vozdukh-1 system)

Russian specialist air-defence journal article (‘The Pyramid began with Vozdukh’) tracing the Soviet automated interception-control lineage: the 1953 assignment of the Vozdukh-1 development to NII-5 of the Academy of Artillery Sciences, troop trials in 1956, acceptance into service in 1960, and chief designer M. I. Mikhailov. The journal’s website is now dead; archived copy via the Wayback Machine. Quotations on this site are our translation.