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Fluttar DEW-Line Gap-Filler (Skolnik, in Advances in Bistatic Radar, 2007) — Merrill I. Skolnik PRIMARY Pioneers of Soviet Computing (Malinovsky, English edition 2010) — Boris N. Malinovsky (ed. Anne Fitzpatrick, tr. Emmanuel Aronie) PRIMARY Special Contract: A Story of Defence Communications in Canada — A.G. Lester PRIMARY The SAGE Air Defense System: A Personal History (Jacobs, 1986) — John F. Jacobs PRIMARY Афера В.И. Маркова с «загоризонтными РЛС» (from Grigory Kisunko's memoir) — Grigory V. Kisunko SECONDARY Битва в ионосфере (Battle in the Ionosphere) — Aleksandr Babakin (Александр Бабакин) PRIMARY

Bell System Distant Early Warning Nuclear Attack Warning System Film — Periscope Film PRIMARY History Bytes April 13, Alsask Dome — — SECONDARY Mid-Canada Line Radar Site Contamination (5-Part Series) — — SECONDARY Mid Canada Line - Test Fence Site - #12 — Capital Gems SECONDARY

ACE High Tropospheric Scatter Communications System (NATO Standing Group memorandum SGM-0568-62) — NATO Standing Group PRIMARY Air Defense Systems Engineering Committee Final Report (Valley Committee, 1950) — Air Defense Systems Engineering Committee (chair: George E. Valley) PRIMARY Cabinet Defence Committee minutes, 25 June 1954 (Documents on Canadian External Relations, vol. 20, doc. 466) — Privy Council Office, Canada PRIMARY CIA press file on continental air defense, autumn 1953 (Collier's and Newsweek clippings) — William A. Ulman (Collier's); Newsweek staff; compiled by CIA PRIMARY Exchange of Notes and MOU on the Modernization of the North American Air Defence System (1985) — Governments of Canada and the United States PRIMARY Final EIS — Operation of the PAVE PAWS Radar System at Beale AFB 1980 US Air Force PRIMARY National Missile Defense and Early Warning Radars: Background and Issues — IEEE REFERENCE NIE 11-3-65: Soviet Air and Missile Defense Capabilities (1965) — US Intelligence Board / Director of Central Intelligence PRIMARY NORAD historical image library (USNORTHCOM FOIA release 26-R-025) — U.S. Northern Command / NORAD Public Affairs PRIMARY Radiation Intensity of the PAVE PAWS Radar System 1979 National Research Council PRIMARY Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program 1997 Headquarters Air Combat Command PRIMARY Soviet Strategic Defense Programs (DoD/DIA, October 1985) — US Department of Defense / Department of State (foreword: Weinberger & Shultz) PRIMARY White Alice Communications System, HAER No. AK-23 (Historic American Engineering Record) — Historic American Engineering Record, National Park Service; survey photographs Rob Stapleton PRIMARY

Historic American Buildings Survey — Beale Air Force Base — Library of Congress PRIMARY Mid Canada Line (Canadian Civil Defence Museum, with Thorne 1979 and Buss 1957) — Maj. D.H. Thorne (1979); Lydus H. Buss, CONAD Directorate of Command History (1957) SECONDARY NORAD North Bay: The Story of Living Underground (Canadian Civil Defence Museum) — Canadian Civil Defence Museum and Archives SECONDARY North Warning System (radomes.org, participant account) — SSgt James E. Bollinger, USAF PRIMARY The Pinetree Line archive (Military Communications and Electronics Museum) — Ren L'Ecuyer (compiler) / C&E Museum PRIMARY Tropospheric Scatter System pages, Pinetree Line archive (Canadian Military C&E Museum) — Canadian Military Communications and Electronics Museum (contributors incl. Ren L’Ecuyer, Dennis Abbott) SECONDARY Акушский Израиль Яковлевич — personnel-file biography (Malashevich, Virtual Computer Museum) — Boris M. Malashevich PRIMARY Кузьминский Франц Александрович — NIIDAR «Наша гордость» memorial page — AO NPK NIIDAR (institutional) PRIMARY Неизвестные модулярные суперЭВМ (Unknown Modular Supercomputers, Malashevich) — Boris M. Malashevich SECONDARY ТРРЛ «Север» — trrlsever.org (veterans’ site of the Sever tropospheric relay line) — Veterans of the TRRL Sever line (collective, site founded 30 April 2006) PRIMARY

ACE HIGH (Andy Emmerson’s history of the NATO troposcatter system) — Andy Emmerson SECONDARY Air Force eyes upgrades to PAVE PAWS, BMEWS, and PARCS ballistic missile warning radar — Military & Aerospace Electronics SECONDARY Holberg - Western Land Anchor of the Pinetree Radar Line (The Roundel, 1965) — Sgt. Bill Johanson, RCAF PRIMARY Mystery Soviet over-the-horizon tests (Wireless World, February 1977) — Wireless World (staff) PRIMARY NWS: it's working people who make the radar run (Nunatsiaq News, 2011) — Jane George SECONDARY Remembering Pinetree (CAHS Journal, 1996) — Paul Ozorak SECONDARY The Russian Woodpecker… A Closer Look (David L. Wilson, Monitoring Times, August 1985) — David L. Wilson PRIMARY «La ligne de radar Mid-Canada ne défend pas vraiment notre pays» (Limbrick, Perspectives/Le Soleil, 1959) — Charles Bernard Limbrick (Group Captain, RCAF, ret.) PRIMARY «Пирамида» началась с «Воздуха» (VKO journal, on the Vozdukh-1 system) — Vozdushno-Kosmicheskaya Oborona (VKO) journal SECONDARY Загоризонтная эпопея (VKO journal, on the over-the-horizon saga) — Vozdushno-Kosmicheskaya Oborona (VKO) journal SECONDARY ЗгРЛС «Дуга»: Любеч-1 – праве око радянського союзу на Чернігівщині (informer.media, 2024) — Illia Hriaznov, informer.media SECONDARY Любеч-1: що залишилося від військової частини, яка обслуговувала секретний об'єкт «Дуга» (Suspilne Chernihiv, 2021) — Yuliia Siryk, Suspilne Chernihiv (public broadcaster) PRIMARY Як живуть під Черніговом незаконні мігранти з 29 країн (Ukrainska Pravda, 2018) — Ukrainska Pravda PRIMARY

Beale Air Force Tour Notes — Ed Thelen PERSONAL Memoirs of a Boffin 1995 J. Rennie Whitehead PERSONAL Mid-Canada Line Radar (recollections) — John Keys PERSONAL Service Reflections of Maj James Webber, USAF 1972–1992 — James Webber PERSONAL

7th Space Warning Squadron Fact Sheet 2024 US Space Force PRIMARY A Brief History of CRC 1992 LeRoy Nelms, Bill Hindson SECONDARY AN/FPS-115 — Radar Tutorial — Radar Tutorial REFERENCE FPS-115 — FortWiki — FortWiki SECONDARY Mid-Canada Line on DEWLine Adventures — Larry Wilson SECONDARY Mid-Canada Line Test Fence Site 012 — Capital Gems SECONDARY PAVE PAWS Radar System — USSF Fact Sheet — United States Space Force PRIMARY PAVE PAWS — Federation of American Scientists Space Policy Project — Federation of American Scientists SECONDARY PAVE PAWS — GlobalSecurity.org — GlobalSecurity.org SECONDARY